Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi 1942 –20 October 2011), commonly known asColonel Gaddafi, was a Libyan revolutionary,politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of theLibyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriyafrom 1977 to 2011. He was initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalismand Arab socialism, but he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory. Gaddafi was born near Sirte to an impoverished Bedouin family. He became an Arab nationalist while at school in Sabha, later enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Within the military he founded a revolutionary cell which, in a 1969 coup, deposed the Western-backed Senussimonarchy of Idris. Having taken power, Gaddafi converted Libya into a republic governed by his Revolutionary Command Council. Ruling by decree, he ejected bothItalian colonists and Western mili...
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